Neuromorphic computing represents a computational paradigm that aims to emulate characteristics of information processing in the brain. Spatially selective electron doping opens up previously unidentified avenues for integration of emerging correlated semiconductors in electronic device technologies. Feedforward excitation and inhibition neural motifs are demonstrated at hardware level, followed by simulation of network-level handwritten digit and fashion product recognition tasks with experimental characteristics. By locally configuring pairs of catalytic and inert electrodes that enable nanoscale control over carrier density, volatility or nonvolatility can be appropriately assigned to each two-terminal Mott memory device per lithographic design, and both neuron- and synapse-like devices are successfully integrated on a single chip. We demonstrate experimental realization of vanadium dioxide (VO 2) artificial neurons and synapses on the same substrate through selective area carrier doping. The report contains country profiles that benchmark impact, factors of vulnerability, and sources of resilience in OECD countries, and give a policy spotlight on liquidity support and recovery plans for SMEs.The cointegration of artificial neuronal and synaptic devices with homotypic materials and structures can greatly simplify the fabrication of neuromorphic hardware. It reflects on longer-term issues, such as SME indebtedness or SME role in more resilient supply chains or innovation diffusion. The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 brings new evidence on the impact of the crisis and policy responses on SMEs and entrepreneurs. As vaccine campaigns roll out and economic prospects brighten, governments have to take the turn of a crisis exit and create the conditions to build back better. Countries were not all even in their capacity to support SMEs either. However, government support has been less effective at reaching the self-employed, smaller and younger firms, women, and entrepreneurs from minorities. Despite the magnitude of the shock, available data so far point to sustained start-ups creation, no wave of bankruptcies, and an impulse to innovation in most OECD countries. Policy responses were quick and unprecedented, helping cushion the blow and maintain most SMEs and entrepreneurs afloat.
SMEs and entrepreneurs have been hit hard during the COVID-19 crisis. The latest 2021 edition shines a light on the impacts of the global pandemic on SMEs and entrepreneurs. The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook presents the latest trends in performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and provides a comprehensive overview of business conditions and policy frameworks for SMEs and entrepreneurs. Since 2019, the yearly Entrepreneurship at a Glance publication has been replaced with a biennial OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook. THE OECD SME AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP OUTLOOK Unternehmerische Tätigkeit auf einen Blick 2017 Green growth and sustainable developmentĮntrepreneurship at a Glance 2017 (Summary in English).
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